Go to top

1016 CE Collapse of the Dome of the Rock

[27 August 1016 CE]

by Jefferson Williams









Introduction & Summary

The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem collapsed in A.H. 407 (10 June 1016 - 29 May 1017 CE) for reasons unknown according to the historical sources. Ambraseys (2009) dated this to 27 August 1016 CE.

Textual Evidence

Text (with hotlink) Original Language Biographical Info Religion Date of Composition Location Composed Notes
Letter V from Fragments from the Cairo Geniza in the Freer Collection Hebrew
Background and Biography

Jewish ca. 1016 CE The writer of the letter states that incidentally it is said that a certain “glorious place” in Jerusalem has collapsed.
Ibn al-Athir Arabic
Biography

Sunni Muslim ~ 1200 - 1231 CE Mosul Ambraseys (2009) provided an excerpt - In 407, the great Dome fell down upon the Rock [as- Sakhrah] in Jerusalem. A.H. 407 equates to 10 June 1016 CE - 29 May 1017 CE.
Ibn al-Jawzi Arabic
Biography

Hanbali Sunni Muslim 2nd half of the 12th c. CE Baghdad Ambraseys (2009) relates that al-Jawzi dates the Dome collapse to A.H. 407 (10 June 1016 CE - 29 May 1017 CE ) and notes that the qadi of Jerusalem could not find out the true [reason for] its collapse, even for rebuilding it.
al-Dhahabi Arabic
Biography

Muslim Early 14th century CE Damascus Ambraseys (2009) relates that al-Dhahabi (Ibar, iii. 96) provided details regarding the collapse of the Dome of the Rock.
al-Yafi'i Arabic
Biography

Sufi Muslim before 1367 CE Mecca Ambraseys (2009) relates that al-Yafi'i (Mirat, xii. 20) provided details regarding the collapse of the Dome of the Rock.
Ibn Kathir Arabic
Biography

Muslim Before 1373 CE Damascus Ambraseys (2009) relates that Ibn Kathir (xii. 5) provided details regarding the collapse of the Dome of the Rock.
Mujir al-Din Arabic
Biography

Hanbali Sunni Muslim ca. 1495 CE Jerusalem Mujir al-Din dates the Dome collapse to A.H. 407 (10 June 1016 CE - 29 May 1017 CE ) and states that in Jerusalem, the great dome which covers the Sakhrah had collapsed. I could not verify the accuracy of the fact concerning the fall of the dome of the Sakhrah and its reconstruction; but it is probable that only a part of it collapsed and that it did not fall entirely.
Text (with hotlink) Original Language Biographical Info Religion Date of Composition Location Composed Notes
Letter V from Fragments from the Cairo Geniza in the Freer Collection

Background and Biography

Background and Biography

Excerpts
English from Gottheil and Worrel (1927)

Apparently Jacob had left Jerusalem some time before, bearing a commission from Solomon Ben Khalaf al-Bukl in Jerusalem to his wife in Fustat. Solomon had given Jacob two gold-pieces with which to pay her way to Jerusalem. Evidently he expected trouble, for he gave to Jacob a statement of his possessions in his house at Fustat and directions to take possession of these. The only response that came was another messenger, Nathan or Hibah by name, son of Zachariah, who arrived in Jerusalem with a protest from the wife that Solomon had no grounds for his action. Nathan next undertook to carry to the wife in Fustat a letter of divorce, which he promised to deliver to her in the presence of a certain Abraham the Hazzan.

Nathan appears with all the documents and with Solomon’s statement that it was in the house of the writer that Jacob had sworn to carry the original message to the wife. The writer is equally certain that nothing of the kind ever took place under his roof, nor had he heard of the affair at all. He now writes in great haste to Jacob and tells him that he is sending by a Spaniard, al-Azhar, a copy of the wife’s protest, which is to be delivered to Abraham, the intended witness of the divorce proceedings. Incidentally it is said that a certain “glorious place” in Jerusalem has collapsed.

English from Gottheil and Worrel (1927) - embedded

  • not bookmarked - Letter starts on the top of page 27
  • Letter V from Fragments from the Cairo Geniza in the Freer Collection
  • from Gottheil and Worrel (1927:27)

Seismic Effects Locations Online Versions and Further Reading
References

The Complete History by Ibn al-Athir

الكامل في التاريخ by علي عز الدین بن الاثیر الجزري

Aliases

Aliases Arabic
Ibn al-Athir
Ali 'Izz al-Din Ibn al-Athir al-Jazari علي عز الدین بن الاثیر الجزري
Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ash-Shaybani
Background and Biography
Background and Biography

Excerpts
English from Ambraseys (2009)

In 407 the great Dome fell down upon the Rock [as- Sakhrah] in Jerusalem. (Ibn al-Athir, ix. 209)

Original Document

  • not bookmarked


Chronology
Year Reference Corrections Notes
10 June 1016 - 29 May 1017 CE A.H. 407 none Calculated using CHRONOS
Seismic Effects Locations Sources
Sources

Online Versions and Further Reading
References

The Book on Rightly ordered Things and the Collection of Necessary Things dealing with the History of the Kings and the Nation by Ibn al-Jawzi

Kitab al-muntazam by ابن الجوزي

Aliases

Aliases Arabic
Ibn al-Jawzi ابن الجوزي
al-Jauzi ابن ال
Jamaladdin Abul-Faraj 'Abdarrahman ibn abil-Hasan ibn 'Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Jauzi al-Qurashi at-Taymi al-Bakri
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAlī b. Muḥammad Abu 'l-Faras̲h̲ b. al-Jawzī
Background and Biography
Background and Biography

Excerpts
Characterization by Ambraseys (2009)

Ambraseys (2009) relates that Ibn al-Jawzi dates the Dome collapse to A.H. 407 (10 June 1016 CE) and notes that the qadi of Jerusalem could not find out the true [reason for] its collapse, even for rebuilding it.

Chronology
Year Reference Corrections Notes
10 June 1016 CE - 29 May 1017 CE A.H. 407 none Calculated using CHRONOS.
Seismic Effects Locations Sources
Sources

Online Versions and Further Reading
References

Notes
Ibn al-Jawzi vs. Sibt Ibn al-Jawzi

Great History of Islam by al-Dhahabi

تاريخ الإسلام by الذهبي

Aliases

Aliases Arabic
Shams ad-Dīn adh-Dhahabī شمس الدين الذهبي
Shams ad-Dīn Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn ʿUthmān ibn Qāymāẓ سهامس ادءدين ابو عابديللاه موحامماد يبن احماد يبن عوتهمان يبن قايماظ يبن عابديللاه اتءتوركوماني الءفاريقي ادءديماسهقي (?)
ʿAbdillāh at-Turkumānī al-Fāriqī ad-Dimashqī عابديللاه اتءتوركوماني الءفاريقي ادءديماسهقي (?)
Background and Biography
Background and Biography

Excerpts
Characterization by Ambraseys (2009)

Ambraseys (2009) relates that al-Dhahabi (Ibar, iii. 96) provided details regarding the collapse of the Dome of the Rock.

Seismic Effects Locations Online Versions and Further Reading
References

Mirat al-Jinan by al-Yafi'i

Mirat al-Jinan by اليافع

Aliases

Aliases Arabic
Al Yafei اليافع
Al Yafi'i اليافع
Background and Biography
Background and Biography

Excerpts
Characterization by Ambraseys (2009)

Ambraseys (2009) relates that al-Yafi'i (Mirat, xii. 20) provided details regarding the collapse of the Dome of the Rock.

Seismic Effects Locations Online Versions and Further Reading
References

The Beginning and the End by Ibn Kathir

Al-Bidāya wan Nihāya by ابن كثير

Aliases

Aliases Arabic
Ibn Kathir ابن كثير
Abu al-Fiḍā ‘Imād Ad-Din Ismā‘īl ibn ‘Umar ibn Kathīr al-Qurashī Al-Damishqī إسماعيل بن عمر بن كثير القرشي الدمشقي أبو الفداء عماد
Abū l-Fidāʾ Ismāʿīl ibn ʿUmar ibn Kaṯīr أبو الفداء إسماعيل بن عمر بن كثير
Imād ad-Dīn عماد الدين
Background and Biography
Background and Biography

Excerpts
Characterization by Ambraseys (2009)

Ambraseys (2009) relates that bn Kathir (xii. 5) provided details regarding the collapse of the Dome of the Rock.

Seismic Effects Locations Sources and Dependants
Sources and Dependants

Online Versions and Further Reading
References

The Glorious History of Jerusalem and Hebron by Mujir al-Din

التاريخ المجيد للقدس والخليل (?) by مجير الدين

Aliases

Aliases Arabic
Mujir al-Din al-’Ulaimi مجير الدين العليمي (?)
al-’Ulaimi العليمي (?)
'Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad al-'Ulaymi مجير الدين عبدالرحمن الحنبلي العليمي الشهير بأبن قطينه (?)
Ibn Quttainah يبن قوتتايناه (?)
Background and Biography
Background and Biography

Excerpts
English from Sauvaire (1876)

I read in a Chronicle that in the year 407 (started on June 10, 1016 AD), that the sepulchral chapel of El-Hussein, son of Ali, fell prey to flames, following a fire caused by a spark which one of the guards in charge of lighting the lamps let fall without noticing it. We would also have received news that the south corner of the Masdjed-el-Haram (the mosque of Mecca) had cracked; one wall, in front of the tomb of the Prophet, had fallen, and that, in Jerusalem, the great dome which covers the Sakhrah had collapsed. I could not verify the accuracy of the fact concerning the fall of the dome of the Sakhrah and its reconstruction; but it is probable that only a part of it collapsed and that it did not fall entirely. God knows the truth.

French from Sauvaire (1876)

J'ai lu dans une Chronique qu'en l'année 407 (Comm. 10 juin 1016 de J.-C), la chapelle sépulcrale d'El-Hosayn, fils d' 'Aly, devint la proie des flammes , à la suite d'un incendie occasionné par une étincelle qu'un des gar- diens chargés d'allumer les lampes laissa tomber sans s'en apercevoir. On aurait aussi reçu la nouvelle que le coin méridional du Masdjed-el-Haràm (la mosquée de la Mekke) s'était lézardé; qu'un mur, devant le tombeau du Prophète, était tombé, et que la grande coupole qui re- couvre la Sakhrah, à Jérusalem, s'était écroulée Je n'ai pu vérifier l'exactitude du fait concernant la chute de la coupole de la Sakhrah et sa reconstruction ; mais il est probable qu'il ne s'en écroula qu'une partie et qu'elle ne tomba pas entièrement. Dieu connaît la vérité.

French from Sauvaire (1876) - embedded

  • see bottom paragraph on page 68 starting with J'ai lu dans une Chronique qu'en l'année 407
  • from an abbreviated French translation by Sauvaire (1876:68-69)
  • from archive.org


Original Document in Arabic

  • not bookmarked


Chronology
Year Reference Corrections Notes
10 June 1016 - 29 May 1017 CE A.H. 407 none Calculated using CHRONOS
Seismic Effects Locations Sources and Dependants
Sources and Dependants

Online Versions and Further Reading
References

Archeoseismic Evidence

Tsunamogenic Evidence

Paleoseismic Evidence

Notes

Ambraseys (2009)

[AD 1016 Aug 27 Jerusalem]

The Dome of the Mosque of the Rock in Jerusalem fell down on 27 August 1016 and it was rebuilt. The sources do not mention an earthquake explicitly, and it seems that the cause was unknown.

Ibn al-Jauzi places this event in a.H. 407 (10 June 1016 to 30 May 1017), and notes that the qadi of Jerusalem 'could not find out the true [reason for] its collapse, even for rebuilding it'. This event is also mentioned by Ibn al-Athir.

See for details al-Dhahabi (Ibar, iii. 96), Ibn Kathir (xii. 5), Mujir al-Din (al-Uns, i. 269), al-Yafi'i (Mirat, xii. 20) and Gottheil and Worrel (1927). (a.H. 407) The great Dome of the Mosque of the Rock Jerusalem collapsed. The Qadi Mujir ad-Din al-'Ulaymi could not find out the true [reason for] its collapse, even for rebuilding it.' (Ibn al-Jauzi, al-Munt. 7/283).

`In 407 the great Dome fell down upon the Rock [as- Sakhrah] in Jerusalem.' (Ibn al-Athir, ix. 209).

Taher (1979)

407 A.H./1016-1017 AD

The great dome1 of the Mosque of the Rock in Jerusalem collapsed. The Qadi Mujir ad-Din al'Ulaymi2 could not find the reason why it fell and had to be rebuilt.

Footnotes

1 Ibn al Djawzi, al Muntazim, 7/283.

2 Al Uns, 1/304

References

Taher, M.A. (1979): Corpus des texts arabes relatifs aux tremblements de terre et autres catastrophes naturelles, de la conquete arabe au XII H/XVIII JC, Ph.D. Thesis (Univ. Paris), 337 pp.

Paleoclimate - Droughts

Footnotes

References

Literature

Elad, A. (2008). "The Dome of the Rock." Jerusalem studies in Arabic and Islam.

Oxford Bibliographies - Dome of the Rock

Arabic Texts

Ibn al-Athir Izz al-Din ( 1851-76, 1872). (Kitab) al-Kamil fil-tarikh (The Complete History). (C) RHC Hist.Orient. C. J. Tornberg. Leiden, Paris.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Athir
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_History

Dahab. Tarikh: al-Dahabii, Tarikh al-Islam, MS BL Or. 49 and 50; Paris MS Ar. 1581; Kitab al-'ibar fi khabar man ghabara, 5 volumes, ed. S. Munajjid, Kuwait, 1960-66;
Kitab duwa al-Islam al-kabir, MS BM Or. 48-50, with Dhail ed. al-Sakhawi, Hyderabad, 1919; trans. A. Negre, Damascus 1979, p. 13.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Dhahabi
http://ar.wikisource.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85

al-Jauzi, Ibn. (1938-41). Kitab al-muntazam fi tarikh al muluk wa'l-uman. Hyderabad.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibt_ibn_al-Jawzi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%27l-Faraj_ibn_al-Jawz