Ben-Menahem (1976)

Earthquake Catalog of Ben-Menahem (1976)

Catalog

Dead Sea Fault

B.C.

117, 64

31 The year of the battle of Actium. Destruction of Kumran on the west bank of the Dead Sea. In Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews, Book XV, Ch. 5, 2, we read: "At this time it was that the fight happened at Actium, between Octavius Caesar and Anthony in the seventh year of the reign of Herod and it was also that here was an earthquake in Judea, such a one as had not happened at any other time and which earthquake brought a great destruction upon the cattle in that country.

About 10,000 men also perished by the fall of houses, but the army, which lodged in the field, received no damage by this sad accident."

A.D.

30, 48, 315

362 Damage to the Temple area in Jerusalem, some work- men killed. Destruction of Arepolis (the biblical Rabbat Moab, today Chirbe-en-Robbe) and Kir-Moab (El- Kerak). Tsunami in the Dead Sea.

637, 641

659/660 Destruction in Jericho and vicinity. Monastery of St. Futhymus destroyed.

710 Jerusalem. Damage to El-Aksa mosque.

746 Great damage in Jerusalem and to monasteries north of the Dead Sea.

756 Damage to the Temple area in Jerusalem.

765 (May 3) Jerusalem. Damage to El-Aksa mosque.

777, 802, 1002, 1016

1033 Jericho destroyed. Damage in Jerusalem.

1060 Damage to El-Aksa mosque in Jerusalem.

1105 (Dec. 24) Damage in Jerusalem.

1117 Damage in Jerusalem.

1160 Destruction of St. John's monastery near Jericho (re- built in 1180). Monastery of Mar Elias in the Judean desert seriously damaged.

1267 A stoppage of the Jordan river at flood time (Watson, 1895).

1534 Jerusalem the tower of the Holy Sepulchre collapses.

1546 Tsunami in the Dead Sea. Waters of the Jordan Rive' were cut off for two days by a landslide of Lisan above today's Damiya bridge (Braslayski, 1938). Dar age and casualties in Jerusalem. Destruction an0 no tiros in Nablus and Hebron. Damage in Ramle, ( iza, El-Kerak, Es-Salt. Felt in Damascus. Comparing this earthquake to that of 1927, we estirn, its Richter magnitude as 6.5. The Dead Sea fault apparently slipped through a length of some 50 km. memos aftershocks occurred during the same year.

1834 (May 23) Damage in Jerusalem, Bethlehem and Mar Saba. Large blocks of asphalt floated on the Dead Dea

1859 Jerusalem.

1863, 1864, 1868, 1900 (Jan. 5)

1903 (Mar. 30) Northern Judean hills. Damage area sr ead from Lenin to Bethlehem, especially at Nablus.

1906 Stoppage of the Jordan river near Jericho for 24 hours

1927 (See above.) Many aftershocks (1928-1930).

1940 (Sep. 2) Epicenter on Dead Sea fault. 1943 (Sep. 10) Emanation of white material from springs into the Dead Sea causing prolonged discoloration.

1956 (Dec. 18) Epicenter on the Dead Sea fault.

Coastal and off-coast epicenters in the eastern Mediterranean

B.C.

590 Destruction at Tyre. Tsunami.

525 Destruction at Tyre and Sidon. Tsunami.

140-138 (uncertain) Acre, Tyre. Tsunami. Partial sub deuce of Tyre island.

92 Damage to coastal cities in Egypt, Israel, Syria and Cyprus by tsunamis. Probably submarine epicenter mentioned in the Talmudic literature (Megilat Taanit)

20-26 Flooding at Pelusium. Submarine epicenter.

A.D.

19 Destruction at Sidon.

115 (Dec. 13) Destruction of Antioch. Caesaria and 58 hit by a tsunami (evidence in the Talmud).

306 Destruction at Tyre and Sidon. Tsunami.

348 Destruction at Beirut.

501 Destruction at Tyre, Sidon and Beirut.

525(May 29) Damage at Sidon. Felt at Beirut and Byblos. Possibly due to inland epicenter.

551 (Jul. 9) A grand tsunami hits the coast from Tripoli to Caesaria. Destruction of Beirut. Sea recedes for two miles. Ras-Chekka submerged. (See Fig. 1.)

746 (Jan. 18) Tsunami hit the Levant coast.

859 (Apr. 8) Northern coast of Tyria near Samandag. Inland epicenter close to the coast.

881 Tsunami nit Acre.

991 (Apr. 5) Coast of Syria. Probably inland epicenter.

1032 Tsunami at Gaza and Ashkelon.

1034 (Jan. 5) Acre hit by tsunami. The sea receded and returned after an hour (?).

1068 (Mar. 18) Tsunami hit Ashdod and Yavne on the southern coast of Israel. Sea receded and returned.

1114 (Aug. 10) Destruction at Antioch. Tsunami (Fig. 1). Destruction at Tyre. Fissures in the ground.

1127 (Jun. 29) Destruction at Tripoli, Loadicea (Latakie), Tyre arc Baalbeck (Fig. 1).

1170 (May 2.,: . Destruction at Tripoli, Tyre, Acre, Ba'albek and Nablus (Fig. 1).

1202 Tsunami hit Acre.

1261 Lebanon coast. Submergence of islands between Tripoli and Acre (date uncertain).

1303 Aug. 8) Egyptian, Israelian and Syrian coasts. Tsunami hit Alexandria, Gaza and Acre. Submarine source.

1402 Tsunami hit the Lebanese coast. Destruction at Acre and Tyre. The sea receded a mile (?) and then invaded the land.

1546 (Sep. 21), Tsunami hit Tripoli.

1656 Destruction at Tripoli.

1752 (Jul. 21) Destruction at Tripoli and Latakie. Tsunami.

1759 (Oct. 30) Epicenter off-coast of Beirut (Yaari, 1943). Unconfirmed report of 8-ft. flood in Acre (Fig. 1).

1822 (Jul. 13) Destruction at Antioch, Aleppo, Alexandretta and Latakie. Tsunami at Beirut.

1838 Destruction at Jaffa.

1856 (Oct. 12) Tsunami at Haifa due to an earthquake near Crete.

1870 (Jun. 24) Epicenter off coast of Alexandria. Destruction in tb Nile delta.

1872 (Apr. 2) :Jestruction at Antioch. Felt in Israel and Egypt

1873 (Feb. 14) Tyre.

1908 (Dec. 28) Off coast of Alexandria.

1951 (Jan. 30). Felt throughout Israel. Off coast of Tel Aviv. M = 5.7 (Table 11).

1951 (Apr. 8) Off coast of Iskanderun. M = 5.7 (Table II).

1955 (Sep. 12) Off coast of Alexandria. M = 6.1 (Table II).

1957 (Jul. 18) Off coast Saida, Lebanon. Felt from Jaffa to Tripoli.

Levant fracture zone and Palmyra chain

460 Destruction of Ramle.

578 Northern Israel.

853/854 (uncertain) Tidal waves in the Sea of Galilee. Felt at Tiberias.

1033/1034 Destruction of Ramle.

1042 (Aug. 21) Great destruction and death toll at Palmyra. The imposing NW central avenue (750 columns of rosy-white limestone, each 18 m high, extending over a line 1,130m long) is mostly destroyed.

1063 (Apr. 20) Destruction of the port at Elat.

1089 Palmyra.

1170 Israel and Syria.

1759 (Nov. 25) Bikaa and northern Galilee, Ba'albek, Safed and Tiberias (Fig. 1).

1802 Bikaa, Ba'albek.

1837 (Jan. 1) Destruction of Safed and Tiberias. Thousands killed. Deep fissures in solid rock. Epicenter near Safed. Destruction at Tyre. Damage at Beirut. Estimated Richter magnitude based on a comparison with the 1927 event, is 5.75-6. Sea of Galilee thrown into violent commotion and swept the shores. The first evidence for tidal waves in the Sea of Galilee is found in the Talmud and is probably due to a seismic event in the third century A.D.

1924 (Feb. 27) Epicenter at southern Golan hills, M>= 5 (Fig. 1).

1928 (Feb. 22) Aftershock of Jul. 11, 1927, M =~ 5 (Fig. 1).

1943 (Sep. 10) Epicenter at Jebel-Druze, M =~ 4.75.

1956 (Mar. 16) Epicenter at Chouf, Lebanon. Destruction and victims, M =~ 5.5.

Northern Egypt

Most destructive shocks associated with the Nile valley and the El Fayum depression.

B.C.

2200 Zagazig.

1210 Abu Simbel.

27 (Thebes).

A.D.

796, 967 Karnak.

1303 (Aug.) Fayum.

1754 (Sep.) Cairo.

1778 (Jun. 22/23) Naga Hammadi.

1847 (Aug. 7) Fayum, heavy damage.

1854 (Jan. 3)

1870 (Jun. 24) Felt in Gaza, Nazareth and Jerusalem.

1887, 1899 (Oct.)

According to KarnIk (1969, 1971), no shocks with intensity above 6 occurred in Egypt during 1901-1955.

1906 (Dec. 26) Naga Hanimadi.

1920 (Oct. 1) Fayum, M = 4.6.

Early Seismic Stations Installation

Seismic stations in the junction zone were established in the following years:

HEW, 1899
KSA, 1921
JER, 1950
ELL, 1968

Appendix A - Discussion

Historical earthquakes in the junction zone were compiled by Willis (1928), Sieberg (1932a, b), Amiran (1951), Shalem (1956), Ambraseys (1962), Plassard and Kogoj (1962) and Karnik (1969, 1971). We list below only the events that could be related in time and place to the fault systems discussed in this paper. Thus, earthquakes in Syria, Antioch and Mesopotamia were not included. Events are grouped here according to their delineation on a known fault. It must be emphasized that we made no effort to verify or check sources given in the above references. Certain precautions were however taken. (For example, we have discarded those events which do not center on a specific city or zone, or for which there is a disagreement in the above references.) In cases where coastal cities were hit by devastating tsunamis, the epicenter may have been as far as Crete or even further west.

A 1. Judea, Dead Sea fault and vicinity

The people of antiquity were awestruck by major geophysical events and did not fail to describe them in ancient writings. We are thus able to find vivid descriptions of earthquakes and their effects in the Bible. We mention five seismic events, which are associated with the seismicity of southern Judea and its vicinity.

The catastrophe of Sodom and Gomorra (Genesis XIX, 24 and 25). Tristram (1865) was first to claim that the cities of the plain were located north of the Dead Sea and that the said catastrophe (which occurred about 2000 B.C.) was due to a major earthquake (see Keller, 1955).

Crossing of the Jordan by the Israelites and the collapse of the walls of Jericho (Jehosuah III, IV and VI). These events are dated ca. 1250 B.C. (Keller, 1955) and reflect the seismic activity of the central part of a fault that runs between the Damiya and Allenby bridges (Fig. 20). The cut-off of the waters of the Jordan along this segment due to earthquakes reoccurred many times in the last millennium (see below). Recent excavations in Jericho (Keller, 1955) disclosed that the city had indeed been ruined by an earthquake at about 1200---1250 B.C.

Earthquake in the Judean hills at about 1020 B.C. During the fight of King Saul and his son Jonathan against the Philistines at Michmas (I Samuel 13).

The destruction of Aphek at about 900 B.C. This is probably the earthquake referred to by the prophet Elijah on his flight from Jesabel to Sinai (1 Kings 19 and 20; see Bible quotation heading this paper).

Strike-slip faulting east of Jerusalem at about 760 B.C'. Amos (I and VIII, 9), Zacharias (XIV, 5) and Josephus (Antiquities of the Jews, IX, 14) (see below) relate the effects of a seismic event dated about 760 B.C. (Ambraseys, 1962). In particular, the description of Zacharias is that of a sinistral strike-slip faulting (!). During the 27 centuries that followed, the area continued to be afflicted by earthquakes. We would probably have known very little of this activity were it not for the proximity (25 km) of Jerusalem, to the Dead Sea fault. Lists of earthquakes that hit Jerusalem and SE Judea have been compiled in the above-mentioned references from many and diverse sources. In particular, from ecclesiastic histories and studies that were carried out by Fathers of the Christian Church, who sought reverently to fathom the divine purpose of repeated catastrophes in the Holy Land. The following list constitutes an effort to sort out only those events related to the Dead Sea fault.

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